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A team of researchers from Tel Aviv University
has uncovered a hoard of real-life buried treasure at the Crusader castle of Arsur (also known as Apollonia),
a stronghold located between the ancient ports of Jaffa and Caesarea, in use
from 1241 to its destruction in 1265.
The hoard, comprised of 108 gold coins, mostly
dinars dated to the Fatimid Period (ca. 900 to 1100 AD), was discovered in a
pot by a university student. The coins bear the names of sultans and
blessings, and usually include a date and a mint name that indicates where a
coin was struck.
This
fascinating find is the first of its kind, says Prof. Oren Tal,
director of the excavation and Chairman of TAU's Department of
Archaeology and Ancient Near Eastern Cultures. "The scientific
value is unprecedented. This is the first hoard of gold coins that we have in
Israel that we can date to the Crusader period."
Prof. Tal believes that the coins provide an
important clue to how large-scale economic transactions were made in the
Crusader period. "They were not afraid to use older coins in order to
complete large transactions and run large-scale businesses," he said,
indicating that this "pot of gold" may be one of a group hidden in
the castle, remnants of Arsur's role as a business
center where industrial and agricultural goods were traded.
Crusader economics
According to
Prof. Tal, the discovery adds to the debate over gold circulation during the
time of the Crusades, a series of military incursions into the region to
establish Christianity. It puts Fatimid-period coins, minted by Egyptian
Sultans in the 10th and 11th centuries, in a Crusader context. Their use of
gold from an earlier period is somewhat surprising, given the importance
placed on coin minting.
Typically,
societies mint their own coins, especially for the completion of large
transactions, because it impacts more than just economics — it has
marketing and public relations value. From a social and political standpoint,
the minting of coins shows that a culture has the wealth and ability to make
its own currency, feeding into a sense of independence as a people, cultural
self-definition, and a collective identity, explains Prof. Tal.
Though
historically priceless, the actual cash value of the coins is difficult to
pin down, says Prof. Tal. A document found in the Cairo Genizah
hints at the worth of the hoard, suggesting that two gold dinars, the face
value on the coins that were found, can provide sufficiently for an extended
family for one month.
Assuming the extended family includes a father,
mother, sons, daughters, and their spouses and children, this could include
12 to 24 people. If 20 people can make their living for a month on two gold
coins, the horde that was discovered could sustain 50 families for 30 days, or five families for approximately one year, all
depending on the standard of living.
A time
capsule
Arsur is
a perfect time capsule due to its short period of occupation, says Prof. Tal.
The findings from the castle, which in addition to the coins include items
such as pottery, glass and metal objects, arrowheads, and catapult stones,
are a window into a specific historical period. They help researchers to
develop a working knowledge of the material culture of the Crusaders, and
provide clues to interactions between the Islamic and Christian worlds.
The seigniory of Arsur was leased to the Military Order of the Hospitallers in 1261. The Order originally arrived in the
Holy Land in the 12th century as a group of orderlies serving European
pilgrims. As evidenced by their use of the castle as a storage place for
their profits, Arsur was one of their most
important strongholds. In 1265, the castle was attacked by the Egyptian
Sultan Baybars, and after withstanding a 40-day
siege, the castle was eventually conquered. It has remained uninhabited since
then.
American Friends of Tel Aviv
University: Hoard of Crusader Gold Found in Ruins
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