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We will continue our look at the composition of U.S.
currency since 1880.
July 15, 2012: The Composition of
U.S. Currency 1880-1941
We are basically describing how the U.S. currency went from a rather varied
mix of items to one single monopoly currency issuer, the Federal Reserve. The
postwar period is not as interesting as the 1880-1941 period,
but it helps us finish our story.
The source of the data is:
http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/docs/publications/bms/1941-1970/section11.pdf
During World War II especially, the number of Federal Reserve Notes in
circulation expanded dramatically, while other forms of currency basically
held even. Why? As was the case during World War I as well, the Fed was under
pressure by the Treasury to maintain Treasury yields at low, fixed rates.
This entailed buying Treasury bonds with "the printing press," in
this case almost literally so.
Federal Reserve Bank notes are apparently notes issued by the Federal Reserve
regional banks, such as the St. Louis Fed. They had a bit of a burst during
WWII, and then died out.
Federal Reserve Notes are the "dollar bills" we use today.
National Bank Notes are notes issued by private commercial banks. This was
organized under a system known as the National Bank System. There were over
three thousand commercial banks issuing their own bank notes, each one with
their own design, all of them linked to gold of course. This system pretty
much died out in the late 1930s. The notes here are basically collector's
items.
United States Notes are the "greenbacks" printed by the U.S.
government during the Civil War. These are basically collector's items.
Minor coin is non-silver and non-gold coins, basically pennies and nickels.
This expands considerably after 1965, because half dollars, dimes and
quarters, which had been made of 90% silver, were then produced in base
metals. So, minor coin then encompasses all coins.
Subsidiary silver is silver coins in less than a one-dollar denomination,
namely, quarters and dimes. This is combined with Minor coin after 1965.
Silver Certificates were notes issued by the U.S. government, redeemable in
silver. These were significant for quite a few years after WWII, and then
disappeared when the silver coins went to base metals. Wikipedia on Silver Certificates.
Standard Silver Dollars were $1 silver coins, such as Morgan Dollar and Peace
Dollars.
Gold certificates were basically collector's items.
We see that, by the end of this period, the currency consists entirely of
Federal Reserve Notes, base metal coins, and what amounts to collector's
items.
Nathan Lewis
(This item
originally appeared at http://www.newworldeconomics.com/archives/2012/072212.html
on July 26, 2012.)
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