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Now here's a central bank really putting gold to
good use...
AMID the brouhaha
over Germany's gold reserves at the Bundesbank,
there's another central bank using gold actively to bolster its currency and
financial stability.
The strategy looks the same – sitting on big stockpiles of the stuff.
But the aim differs, because gold is much closer to the everyday financial
system. The tactics differ too. Because the central bank hasn't bought and
paid for this gold. Private citizens have.
"Gold-based deposit accounts [in Turkey] surged 15% this year through
the end of July," explained BusinessWeek
back in October, "three times the increase in standard savings
accounts."
"Although much criticised for its use of
'unconventional measures'," the Financial Times
added in December, "few would argue that the decision last year by
Turkey's central bank to allow the country’s banks to buy gold was
anything less than a roaring success."
Buying gold isn't quite right. Starting in October 2011, the central bank
began allowing commercial banks to hold a portion of their "required
reserves" – needed to reassure depositors and other creditors they
had plenty of money to hand – in physical gold bullion. Starting at
10%, that proportion was then raised to 30%.
Private citizens were similarly encouraged to hold their gold on deposit with
their banks. That gold was thus transferred to the central bank's balancesheet. Et voila! Privately-owned gold now backed
the nation's finances. A smart idea, which has coincided with Turkey's
currency rising, interest rates falling, huge current-account shrinking, and
government bonds regaining "investment grade" status.
Publicly targeting some of Turkey's estimated 2,200 tonnes
of "under-the-pillow" gold, currently worth some $119 billion, the
CBRT's governor Erdem Basci
has meantime been awarded The
Banker magazine's prestigious "Central Banker of the Year 2012"
award. But with everything going so swimmingly, might Turkey risk
over-heating?
Well, the CBRT this week cut its key interest rates – and raised the
amount of gold which commercial banks choosing to use bullion as required
reserves must hold with it. That fine-tuning is a bid to a) deter foreign
investors from buying Lira and so pushing it Lira too high, too fast, and b)
prevent those inflows boosting the pace of domestic credit growth by giving
the banks too much money to play with.
See, with Turkey's mess of the early 2000s now fading from memory (it knocked
6 zeroes off the Lira in 2005), the currency recently neared 12-month highs
against both the US Dollar and the Euro. "Amid accelerating capital
inflows" from foreign investors, said the central bank in Tuesday's policy statement,
"recent credit growth has been faster than envisaged.
"In
order to contain the risks on financial stability, the proper policy would be
to keep interest rates at low levels while continuing...to implement a
measured tightening [of credit] through reserve requirements."
Reporting
from Istanbul, Reuters notes that the CBRT
raised its "reserve option coefficients" for Gold Bullion and
non-Lira currencies. In other words, it forced commercial lenders who choose
to hold a proportion of their cash reserves in gold or foreign exchange to
deposit more with the central bank.
"The measures will transfer as much as $2.9 billion in foreign exchange
and gold from lenders to the central bank's reserves," says Bloomberg, "as well
as withdrawing 300 million Liras from local-currency markets."
Analysts at Goldman Sachs had forecast this move last week, noting after
comments from Turkish central bank governor Basci
– and also noting last month's rise of 2% in the Lira's exchange rate
to the Dollar – that CBRT "has shifted focus towards the financial
stability risks posed by accelerating capital inflows."
Using interest rates and other tools, it would "lean against these
inflows and their subsequent FX appreciation pressures," said Goldman's
analysts. The CBTR this week cut its annualized rate for overnight loans to
8.75%. That compares with the 12% charged 12 months ago, when inflation ran
to double-digits and the Lira was still struggling to find its floor, says
the Wall Street Journal's
Emerging Europe blog.
Can you imagine such a policy, let alone such a turnaround.
Of course, not all of Turkey's gold policy can be fully guessed by analysts
outside, and there are still plenty of risks to Turkey's growth and stability
too. Not least its current account deficit...perhaps the 7th worst in 2012 at
$59 billion (IMF forecast).
Still, that was down from second place – behind the ever-winning United
States of course – in 2011. That spot is now taken by the dear old
United Kingdom, a nation which all-too famously sold half its national gold reserves at
multi-decade lows between 1999 and 2002. A decade later our deficit with the
rest of the world yawned above $80 billion last year.
The UK could of course play a similar gambit to Turkey. Indeed, Bullion Vault
set forth just such a modest proposal to Parliament
early last year.
"Make
private gold deposited at the Bank of England free of capital gains tax. This
would dramatically increase the financial firepower of the bank at a time
when our commercial banks need support, as might our currency very soon."
Some
hope! And in the absence of a central bank, or government, willing or able to
tackle stability on your behalf, UK savers might want to note that gold did
for Turkish households back when the Lira collapsed – time and again
– on the currency market.
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