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This article
provides some answers to questions that have come up in the open forums...
GOLD & MONEY:
More Than Meets the Eye
By Aristotle
Written in 1999
Reposted from here.
Thanks in advance to Aragorn III for his direct input and valuable insights
for what I am embarking on here. Much of this I hope will help to illuminate
many of the developments and ideas that have been valiantly offered by
ANOTHER and FOA over many preceding months.
Part 1 ---
Stormclouds Gather...
The estimable economist Milton Friedman stated his forgettable opinion in
1974 that OPEC would collapse and oil would never get up to $10 per barrel.
In all fairness to Professor Friedman, we must recognize his position as
coming from a staunch monetarist, emphasizing money supply as the "true
religion" for the Federal Reserve to keep the US Dollar as good as Gold.
At times, he half-seriously argued for the abolition of the Federal Reserve
in light of the simple monetary policy guidelines that could serve in its
stead, with the economy returning to a state of self-regulation. (In the past
sound-money days, economic hardships were far from unnatural, and they were
not necessarily attributable to acts of government. However, modern attempts
to centrally manage the economy ensures that any blame for systemic
difficulties today may be clearly laid at government's feet.)
Milton's mistake was two-fold. First was his knowledge that Arabian oil could
be produced for one dime of real money, and that inevitable competition among
OPEC members would surely keep the price close to cost of production. Second,
and most importantly, Milton failed to account for the possibility that the
government would abandon such reasonable monetary management to keep the
dollar nearly as good as Gold. This fact was NOT lost, however, on the oil
producing countries. Ask yourself, what would YOU do if your business or
trading partners suddenly started offering you payment with Monopoly money
instead of "real" money? Would you shun real money as though it
were the plague, and embrace Monopoly money as the greatest thing since
sliced bread? If you would, then I have got a job for you!! Bring your shovel
and some work-clothes, you have been hired for life...
Upon the 1971 declaration by the United States that redemption of dollars for
Gold would be terminated, the entities in receipt of dollars for balance of
trade settlements had no difficulty recognizing this as an outright default
on payment contracts. The scramble was on to make sense of this new payment
system in which the dollar was no longer a THING of value (a small amount of
Gold), but was now reduced to a CONCEPT of value; an undefined unit with
which the world would denominate the amount of value in contracts for goods
and services. The problem ever since has been in coming to terms with the
meaning of value for this shifting and undefined unit, and its vulnerability
for mismanagement and abuse.
Jelle Zijlstra, who became head of the Bank for International Settlements,
said while with the Bank of the Netherlands in regard to the 1971 severing of
Gold from the dollar, "When we left the pound, we could go to the
dollar. But where could we go from the dollar? To the moon?"
As I continue this tale, I hope it becomes clear that not only have we gone
to the moon, but that Gold is going there also.
Part 2 --- A
Transition: Things Are what they Are...
Do you see the world as it is? Or, do you see the world as you are? A tough
obstacle, to be sure, as our experiences weigh heavily on our perceptions,
and many people have no practical earthly experience with real money. There
is hope..."the Truth is out there!" as a popular show is quick to
proclaim. Albert Einstein puts an interesting slant on this theme: "My
religion consists of a humble admiration of the illimitable superior spirit
who reveals himself in the slight details we are able to perceive with our
frail and feeble mind."
So with a ready admission our minds are frail and feeble, let's prepare to
tackle something so ponderous it must hopelessly remain an abstraction to us
mere mortals. I refer to the U.S. national debt, expressed in dollars, that
stands at 5.6 trillion. Wow! What does that really mean? To put it in some
perspective, we will revisit the 1970's, and try to get our arms (and feeble
minds) around some much smaller numbers, and yet numbers that themselves are
large enough to be abstractions. Let's examine the incredible and
overwhelming wealth and economics of oil.
Imagine having claim to a sandy and barren land that reaches 120 degrees
Fahrenheit in Summer, making your living through the ages on goats, dates and
Pilgrims to Mecca. Not a posh existence when compared to America in the
Roaring 1920's, but the passage of time reveals the fortunate few that were
in the right place at the right time. When the Standard Oil Company of
California was granted an exploration concession for Saudi Arabia in 1928,
the 35,000 Gold sovereigns paid by Socal were reportedly counted by Sheik
Abdullah Sulaiman himself. Wispy shades of things to come! This can be
thought of similarly to how you might view a collection of skinny stock
investors who found themselves heavily invested in penny internet stocks when
the technology market exploded in the 1990, making them all millionaires.
Except this: Oil is much, much bigger! We will soon examine what it means to
be in the right place at the right time.
I will talk about pricing and balance of trade in the next part...stay tuned
for the biggest transfer of wealth the world has ever seen. The key-currency
gets debased in 1971, and Gresham's Law rules the land.
Part 3 --- It's Only
(a mountain of) "Money"...
Having purchased this Saudi Arabian concession, in subsequent drilling
Socal's Damman Number 7 struck oil in 1937 (I believe old Number Seven is
still flowing.) Socal partnered with Exxon, Mobil, and Texaco to form the
Arabian-American Oil Company. Over a thirty year period, Aramco discovered
petroleum reserves in Saudi Arabia in excess of 180 billion barrels...a
quarter of the known reserves of the planet at that time. And as the world
aged and changed, the amount of oil consumed daily in world trade climbed
dramatically, from 3.7 million barrels per day in 1950, to 9.0 mbpd in 1960,
to 25.6 mbpd in 1970, to 34.2 million barrels per day in 1973 during the
first Oil Crisis.
Consider this for better perspective: the average yield per well at the end
of the 70's in the United States was 17 barrels per day per well, in Venezuela
(one of the co-founders of OPEC) it was 186 barrels per day per well, and in
Saudi Arabia (the other OPEC co-founder) it was 12,405 barrels each day per
well. Wow! Just imagine if the internet companies today issued new,
additional shares each day at this same rate as oil consumption...the stock
price would plummet! But unlike internet stocks, because this oil is
consumed, it must be replaced (and paid for) every single day.
But before I can move into the fascinating region of this miniseries that
sheds light on how and why the Gold market is as it is today, this background
is vital, so please bear with me, and I shall thank you for your patience.
Oftentimes, understanding is its own reward, but in this case it may well
prove essential for wealth preservation at a minimum. To begin, we must look
at life in these United States (and in the process we will see a compelling
reason that import barriers must be fought tooth and nail)...
What does the Texas Railroad Commission have to do with this story? Plenty.
So much oil was being produced in Texas in the 1930's that engineers were
concerned about depletion and wastage, and the owners would fret over the
effects of oversupply that would at times bring the price per barrel down to
ten cents. Tiny independent producers were often drilling side by side with
the majors, but when the price slumped their profitability suffered more
because they didn't have income from the downstream processes like the majors
did. Because some of the individuals operating these independent companies
happened to be multimillionaires, their complaining voices were heard thanks
to their political contributions.
The state government responded by giving the Texas Railroad commission the
power to regulate drilling. And while they didn't have the authority to set
prices, they could regulate production levels. By setting an appropriate rate
of production, oil would be conserved and this restricted supply would
achieve price levels high enough to keep the independents in gravy. This
Texas price became the American price, and also the world price (in the
1950's the U.S. was producing half of the world's oil.) This meant pure
profit for the major companies with overseas production that cost only ten
cents per barrel. To keep the price of oil up, what started as a gentlemen's
agreement among the American oil companies to limit the imports of cheaper
oil later became enforced by the U.S. government--known as the
"invisible dike" against the outside world of cheap oil. Throughout
the 1960's, the Persian Gulf offered the world oil at $1.80, while inside the
"invisible dike" oil was being sold to the nation at the Texas
price of $3.45 per barrel by the end of the decade.
The great irony is that a Venezuelan lawyer (and oil minister) named Juan
Pablo Perez Alfonso studied and used the Texas Railroad Commission as his
model for OPEC, which he co-founded with the Saudi Arabian director of the
Office of Petroleum Affairs, Abdullah Tariki, in 1960. OPEC from the
beginning maintained that oil was a depleting asset, and it had to be
replaced by other assets to balance national budgets and fund developments.
Now that we know a bit about the producers and the price and cost of oil
during the era of "real money," let us take a look at the dollar
itself. The dollar and the world was pegged to Gold via the post-WWII Bretton
Woods agreement in which $35 was convertible to one ounce--but for foreigners
only, not U.S. citizens. The rate for international currency exchange was
coordinated through the International Monetary Fund (IMF), with each currency
pegged to each other through the dollar and Gold. The U.S. economy steamed
along nicely in the 1950's, producing half of the world's oil as I've already
stated, and half of the cars that burned up this oil. By the arrival of the
1960's, American industry was buying foreign factories, equipment and raw
materials. In addition, the government was spending for its foreign bases and
troops, and Vietnam was funded largely in the red.
An overhang of dollars was developing overseas--and while at first the
foreigners were reassured that the Gold guarantee of the dollar was solid, as
ever more dollars piled up, ever more of them cashed in the dollars for Gold.
General de Gaulle summed up the sentiment, saying that America had "an
exorbitant privilege" in ownership of the key-currency. By that he meant
that the dollars America was able to issue via simple printing carried the
same value in trade as the dollars that had to be earned by other nations
through meaningful productivity. It quickly became clear that too many claims
had been issued on the limited Gold, and President Nixon was prompted to
close the Gold exchange window in the face of a certain run on the Treasury.
In a quick repeat from Part 1: " Upon the 1971 declaration by the United
States that redemption of dollars for Gold would be terminated, the entities
in receipt of dollars for balance of trade settlements had no difficulty
recognizing this as an outright default on payment contracts. The scramble
was on to make sense of this new payment system in which the dollar was no
longer a THING of value (a small amount of Gold), but was now reduced to a
CONCEPT of value; an undefined unit with which the world would denominate the
amount of value in contracts for goods and services. The problem ever since
has been in coming to terms with the meaning of value for this shifting and
undefined unit, and its vulnerability for mismanagement and abuse."
With OPEC in place, and the dollar now rendered meaningless by traditional
standards, the stage is adequately set to describe what followed. With OPEC
now united and able to conserve, and threaten to cut back in the grand
tradition of the Texas Railroad Commission, they were able to name their
terms of payment, and decide essentially what value the dollar would have in
oil terms. That is important enough to repeat: They were able to name their
terms of payment, and decide essentially what value the dollar would have in
oil terms. The increased world demand for oil ensured that the price would be
met (Texas was pumping around the clock and still coming up short), and the
printing presses essentially ensured that there would be no lack of dollars,
so to speak.
It is important here to realize the attitude of OPEC, and notably the Middle
East. In the mid 1970's, the finance ministers of both Kuwait and Saudi
Arabia stressed that their needs were only to provide for the welfare of
their citizens, and that oil in the ground is better than paper money. Who
from the West can argue with that? They called our money's bluff, fair and
square. So in 1971, while the Texas price of oil was $3.45, OPEC re-priced
their Middle Eastern oil up from $1.80 to $2.20 (such audacity, don't you
think?) only to see the market price due to demand in 1973 overtake the official
posted price, at which point OPEC saw the writing on the wall, and in October
raised the price per barrel to $5.12 while curbing production. By December,
the Shah of Iran called a press conference to announce the official price
would now be $11.65. Well, why not? It's only paper to you if you are not in
NEED of this currency through a debt to someone else. And so began the First
Oil Crisis of the 1970's.
Just as America had been issuing claim checks on the national Gold throughout
the 1960's, its spending habits didn't change with the advent of the
all-paper dollar. As a consequence, the world's greatest transfer of wealth
was underway. Watching the rising cost of real estate became a national
pastime in the 1970's--an odd distraction from the gas lines and cost of
fuel. By raising the price of oil $10, from $1.80 to $11.65, at those current
production levels OPEC raised its annual revenues by approximately 100
billion dollars. Now recall from Part 2 where I promised you we would tackle
some large numbers, though nowhere near as incomprehensible as the $5.6
trillion U.S. debt. Here we go...
How much IS 100 billion dollars per year? It can't be much, because we all
know the Middle East is heavily in debt with struggling economies even now at
the end of the 1990's. Right? Well, I invite you to follow along, and judge
for yourself. Let's try to spend that $100 billion, and remember...it is
1974. And let's not waste time on small stuff, we'll go right for the big
ticket toys.
How about some F-14's? Fully equipped (minus missiles because we are a
peaceful bunch) they are ours for $9 million each. Grumman on Long Island
assembles 80 each year. Hell, let's take 'em all for $720 million. How about
some F-15's too? At $12 million each, we conclude our visit to McDonnell
Douglas with 100 under our arm for a cool $1.2 billion. Let's take home the
biggest brute the U.S. has to offer--a top of the line nuclear-powered
aircraft carrier for $1.4 billion. Better yet, make that two carriers. Throw
in some destroyers, some submarines...let's see... We've spent a total of $2
billion on a kicking air force and a little more than that on a fine little
navy. How much money is left in round figures? About $100 billion. And this
amount comes in not only this year, but the next, and the next, and the
next... [a side thanks to Mr. Goodman for these historical prices.] $100
billion is a large annual paycheck, and we haven't even touched the $30 and
$40 dollar prices brought about in the Second Oil Crisis. Now consider again
that America has written future claims on $5.6 trillion dollars. Can you
imagine how such a figure might be settled? Ouch.
Where did all of this money come from? It would seem that America found an
efficient means to issue claims on the country in exchange for something that
goes up in smoke. Would OPEC own America lock, stock, and barrel? What would
OPEC do with all of that cash? And would there be any end to it? How are the
poorer countries that must EARN their dollars, as General de Gaulle
indicated, going to fund their own oil needs? Banks are the answer. Buy
banks, fill banks, and recycle the petrodollars. Oh, and let's not forget
Gold. Straight from two ministers of finance, "We would rather keep the
oil than have the paper money." We thank you for that insight.
Now that I have properly set the stage, in the next part I shall relate the
really good stuff of Aragorn's tale suggesting where this money went, and how
the system survived 20 years after the end was nigh, bringing cheap Gold
crumbs for anyone mindful enough to pick them up. To quote that good knight,
"With a payday reaching that magnitude, the question of destiny begs no
answer. You set your own, and hope for nice weather."
Part 4 --- A 1970's
History Lesson (without the disco)
One Oil Crisis down, one to go. We looked at some pretty incredible figures
in Part 3. Where did this money go, and maybe more importantly, where does it
come from? For the sake of brevity I will assume the reader is well
acquainted with the process of money creation via modern banking. If not,
then you have some important questions to ask and research to do. For now,
accept on faith that new money is created (as a simple ledger entry at a
bank) through the process of borrowing. A loan creates new money, and banks
collectively may create money far in excess of what they hold on deposit. As
a contract, the loan is quite real, but the dollar is not. A dollar is an
undefined concept--an undefined unit of measurement for value, so to speak.
You can see how such an arrangement favors those in a position to name their
price.
As you can well imagine, for a country such as Saudi Arabia that had been
subsisting on simple agriculture and the business of Pilgrims, a sudden
infusion of such a magnitude of money can be seen as pure profit, and a fine
opportunity for capital improvements to national infrastructure. Much of this
money flowed back to the rest of the world to pay for international
contractors and materials. But clearly, much more money was coming in than
could possibly be spent. Vast sums of it found its way into the world's
largest international banks--the five largest American, three largest Swiss,
three biggest German, two biggest British, and then on to the next tier...
Suddenly there were over one hundred banks that set up shop in tiny Bahrain:
Citicorp, Chase Manhattan, Barclays, and Bank of Tokyo among them; all
competing for surplus oil profit deposits. Paris suddenly found itself host
to over 30 new Arab banks.
So much money flowed in, and so much was lent in turn to the poor countries
that could scarcely afford to buy oil with their meager exports, that the
financial system became a large game of musical chairs, and the biggest risk
was that the music might stop. There were no chairs to sit on! To protect
themselves from the unthinkable--that the Arabs might pull their deposits out
of an individual bank--the banks developed a system. This system provided for
the relatively smooth inter-lending of funds. Because even though a bank can
create new money "out of thin air," they have to have deposits in
the bank as a starting point. If these funds were to be withdrawn, the bank
must locate other deposits to cover their outstanding loans. If the money
were pulled, say from a British bank, it had to go somewhere; the amount of money
was too great to "hide" for long. This British bank could call
around, and arrange to borrow the funds back from a Swiss bank, or German
bank, by paying a nominal interest rate on this inter-bank loan. The
important concept to grasp here is this: as long as the petrodollars stayed
in the banking system, the banking system would survive.
In fact, that is how the world weathered the storm of the First Oil Crisis.
Such a grand scheme of inter-reliance was formalized by several central banks
in a meeting in Switzerland to handle any event should money come up short in
one area or another--the Basel Concordat. Have you ever heard of the LIBOR in
any of your financial reading? Some credit card issuers make use of the LIBOR
instead of the US. prime rate in their contracts. It is the London Inter-bank
Offered Rate, and functions as the international bank borrowing rate, and it
is the tie that binds the group together into a nearly seamless global
financial System.
When the First Oil Crisis caused a global tightening of belts, only America,
as the issuer of the key-currency, could shamelessly create new money with
ease to pay its bills. Other countries had to balance their own books with
productive output, or else turn to the banks to borrow the needed funds. And
borrow they did! Let there be no doubt that these petrodollars were recycled
through the banking system. Throughout the Oil Crisis and the distractions of
the Nixon Watergate scandal, the former Secretary of Defense under the
Johnson administration, and then president of the World Bank, Robert
McNamara, was focused on one thing only--maintaining the good graces of OPEC.
McNamara had to ensure continued access to OPEC's funds. During 1974, the
World Bank had drawn on OPEC for $2.2 billion, for a total at the time of $3
billion--one quarter of all World Bank debt. For Euroland banks, business was
booming because lending was their business. And the IMF had its hands full
trying to hold together the international currency exchange system.
Some of the countries that quickly found themselves behind the eight-ball:
Brazil, Korea, Yugoslavia, the Philippines, Thailand, Kenya. (You can easily
imagine that there aren't enough coffee drinkers in Saudi Arabia to achieve a
meaningful balance of trade of coffee beans for oil for a country like
Kenya.) So in a move driven more by politics than banking to ease the
financial squeeze upon a nation's citizens and industry, the governments
would turn to their central banks and to the international and multinational
banks to secure the needed money. And the banks couldn't stop lending,
because many countries relied on new loans to pay off the old loans in
addition to their continued need for oil. Loans in default were simply
rescheduled. There were no chairs, and the music could not be allowed to
stop.
If a bank were to fail, what would the Arabs do with their remaining
deposits, now clearly in jeopardy? Further, the inflationary impact of all of
this borrowing was also a fact not lost on the OPEC nations. Many of the OPEC
members' advisors and ministers held Ph.D.'s from prominent American
colleges. They did not have their heads in the sand. The inflation would lead
to a new price of oil just to recapture the value that was lost, and the
cycle would intensify in the next round. OPEC knew the western currencies
were depreciating faster they were compensating with price hikes. They were
getting less "real" money as a result. Hopeless.
Remember Jelle Zijlstra with the "moon" comment earlier? As head of
the BIS in 1980, he confidently predicted that the Second Oil Crisis could be
worked through, slowly, but that the System (international financial system)
could not survive a Third Oil Crisis--the inflation would make it impossible
to recycle the petrodollars to the oil importing countries with any hope of
repayment, trade would crumble, and the System would be brought to its knees.
On that grim note, we need to take a quick look at how the world reacted to
the Second Oil Crisis. It opens the door to everything that follows.
By now you are patiently awaiting mention of Gold. There it is. Now back to
the story... No, seriously, pay attention here, and things will start to fall
into place. I hope you have noticed the few references to oil prices
throughout this series. In most cases, the oil was made available at a posted
price. In the 1960's, OPEC's posted price was $1.80 (though sometimes the
producers would undercut that to gain an advantage through additional
volume), then it was $2.20, then $5.12, and within weeks it had been changed
again to $11.65 (in late 1973). By May 14 of 1979 the posted OPEC price was
$13.34 per barrel, but life was about to change. The key element to keep in
mind is that oil was not priced directly by the market. It was mostly sold
under long-term contracts at posted prices that were set by the producers
after careful analysis of what the market could bear under self-determined
production levels.
When the Ayatollah Khomeini's revolution deposed the Shah, Iran's 6 million
barrel per day production fell off dramatically, and the resulting shortage
sent the downstream processes scrambling for sources of oil anywhere to feed
their refineries. Many turned to Rotterdam for oil, to fill their empty
tanks. The deepwater port at Rotterdam was the principle harbor where huge
tankers could be found to deliver oil on the spot, and hence the spot market
for oil was often referred to as the Rotterdam market--but in truth, the spot
market was available worldwide. This spot market was never meant to determine
the price for oil, but was only supposed to supply day-to-day purchases.
Due to the stresses of low supply, the Rotterdam price sailed above the
$13.34 posted OPEC price on Tuesday, May 15,1979 to $28, and two days later
it reached $34. Iran immediately took what little production remained and
sold on the Rotterdam market. OPEC then set a ceiling price for oil at $23.50
per barrel, but that was soon broken by Libya and Algeria. Obviously,
Rotterdam was the place to sell oil at the best price, so many tankers with
long-term contracts for oil stood empty waiting for delivery while ever more
of OPEC-member production was diverted through Rotterdam. Countries and many
companies looked at the low levels in their storage tanks, and soon they were
rushing to support the Rotterdam market with their business. The
"spot" price reached $40 per barrel as uncertainty about the future
brought forth every empty tank or dilapidated tanker out of retirement to be
filled.
Gresham's law can help explain this phenomenon-- bad money is spent and good
money is saved. Oil was being bought and saved as a store of value, while
paper money was spent. The flames of this Rotterdam inferno were eventually
cooled as the last available storage tank was filled to capacity. This
display of the spot value for oil reinforced OPEC's concept of value, and
they had no qualms about raising the posted price to the spot value. Please
recall, "We would rather keep the oil than have the paper money."
Any student of history will also recall that the explosion in Gold prices
also occurred in 1979 to early 1980, showing us Gold priced at $850 per
ounce.
So what exactly has changed in the world since 1980? There haven't been any
similar blowups in the pricing of important assets...so how was this wild
tiger tamed? Is the money better than it once was? Or are the OPEC nations
now suddenly and truly beggars upon the West's doorstep? What happened? Are
the multinational banks (once scrambling to hold together the System) now
calling the shots with nary a care in the world?
In Part 5, I put an end to this tale, and answer the biggest mysteries about
Gold in the easiest of terms. The road will seem so straight and fair to
travel, you will kick yourself for struggling through the brambles for so
long, and wonder at your neighbors who STILL can't see the path, though it is
truly a freeway.
Part 5 --- Gold,
Money, and the Free Market
Before I conclude this commentary, let me first express my gratitude to
USAGOLD for hosting this illuminating site, and for the tolerance I've been extended
by so many here for my four long posts that up until this moment probably
didn't seem germane to the topic of Gold.
On any journey, the first few steps are the most important, and in this case
they were also the most difficult--to include enough for context without
drifting off-topic. This last part is easy. The task at hand is to provide an
explanation of Gold's pre-eminence as a monetary asset. Gold is, in fact,
Money, while the dollar and others are merely currencies--an importance
difference!
I am not claiming to be offering new findings of my own. The inspiration for
this tale originated from many sources, comments Aragorn III offered to a
small group last month, a knowledge of history, and keen perception. I have
been challenged to render this tale into the clearest of terms suitable even
for those not acquainted with Gold and worldly economics. If I have succeeded
in my challenge, at the conclusion of this final part you will fully grasp
how the free market has managed to provide a sophisticated asset (Gold) at a
laughably minute fraction of its relative value. You will know that Gold is
Money, and will gain new respect for its "price." Although this
information isn't new, it might be new to you, and hopefully this explanation
of financial operations with Gold, together with the background information
of the 1970's Oil Crises, will help you anticipate and conclude for yourself
an outlook for events ahead, and will also help you to better understand and
evaluate the important messages being presented by ANOTHER and FOA, in
addition to the other worthy knights of this Table round. Knowledge is power,
and with it your destiny shall be yours to decide.
To start, I'm going to paraphrase some specific remarks made by Aragorn III
that some people need to hear and think about, though most of the Forum
posters are already in tune with this.
'The falling
price of Gold has had various effects on people. The common person says,
"Of course it is falling, because Gold has been demonetized." The
Goldheart knows better, so the falling price has a more remarkable effect,
bringing out insecurities and irrationalities of some. Though these people
don't question that Gold is money, their insecurities start to question whether the world really needs
money at all...that somehow this greatest device of mankind has
been antiquated. Simply preposterous. If they knew the truth they would
confidently buy today at triple the price and call it a bargain of a
lifetime. People ask, "Why waste effort to dig up Gold from the ground,
only to rebury it in vaults?" I say, "For the same reason the
central banks toil to print millions of fancy notes that nobody reads. If
you've read one, you've read them all." The effort is needed to prevent
cheating, though we easily see the fancy cash does not stem the abusive tide
of money from nothing. People also say, "Gold is a dead asset. It does
not earn interest." What is the point of such a comment, to demonstrate
their naiveté? Did banks not pay interest when coins were stamped from
Gold?
You see, it is not the nature of money itself to earn interest, but rather,
it is the investment risk that maybe earns a reward. A modern dollar in a
shoebox is as a Gold coin beside it. No interest for either. You should know
the interest paid by a bank savings account is not a product of the money
itself, but instead it is the rewards on the risk the bank takes with the
money you have provided for their investment use. Sometimes these banks
choose poorly, and in those cases even the modern dollar earns no interest,
and does not come back at all--lost with the closing of the bank doors. Money
must be risked (invested) to expect a yield, and in this regard, the big
players in the world risk Gold money as they do paper money (though often not
as aggressively), while the small players are content with the shoebox yield.
You are forced to be more aggressive (more risky) with paper because its
value dies quickly, unlike Gold that stands forever even in a shoebox of no
risk.'
With that, I will now conclude this tale that shows Gold functioning in its
role as Money. And because preconceived notions of words often cloud a
person's ability to see the case before them, I shall try to deliver this
message with the slightest use of such terms as Gold loans, leases, shorts,
etc. In fact, I will be so bold as to simply refer to Gold as Money (I will
write it as "Money (Gold)" to ensure you know my meaning, but as
you read, simply pronounce it as money). As far as what you might think is
money (dollars, yen, pesos, etc.), I shall from this point forward not call
them money, but refer to them by their given name (dollars, yen, pesos, etc.)
or else will call them "fiat currency," or just
"currency" for short. Fiat means "by decree, and fiat currency
is currency because the government tells us it is.
Enough of the preamble. Let's pick up where we left off from Part 4. In days
past, the oil exporters had been poor to modest countries scraping by when
two things occurred. They discovered that they owned lots and lots of oil,
and they also found that the rest of the world had developed a voracious
appetite for oil. Think how different the world situation would be today if
this supply of oil had simply never existed. We are certainly lucky to have
its availability, and it is a reasonable expectation to pay fairly for all
that we take. As bald as that statement is, it is necessary because some
people have suggested (as Kissinger did in the 1970's) that warfare is a
possible alternative to obtain what isn't ours. Such a world!
We've already discussed much of the turmoil that resulted from consumption
that outpaced ability to pay. Payment in Money (Gold) was terminated, and
many payment scenarios were developed in addition to the ever rising prices
in paper currency. While it can be suggested that currency is a reasonable
means in which to track balance of trade accounts (equating oil exports with
similar value of imports such as infrastructure improvements), it should be
readily admitted that paper currency is an unacceptable means in which to
pocket one's profits. Book the trade balances with paper currency, but pocket
the profits (savings) with Money (Gold). That's what I do every month, too!
Paper currency was falling fast in value when it was no longer tied to Money
(Gold), and this was causing international settlement difficulties on many
fronts in addition to oil. It is instructive to investigate some of the tools
of the international financial System, because what worked for Money (Gold)
and currency back then, certainly works for Money (Gold) today. (Please
reread the paraphrasing of Aragorn's money comments if you have forgotten
them already.)
Back in the 1960's when dollars were still tied to Money (Gold) under the
Bretton Woods agreement, the American penchant to spend for goods abroad led
Kennedy's Undersecretary for Monetary Affairs, Robert Roosa, to fear a mass
"cashing in" of these dollars in international hands for Money
(Gold)--a run on the Treasury. Roosa created a new financial device, referred
to as a "Roosa bond," which was a special issue of Treasury bonds
that were denominated in Swiss francs. As the bonds were sold to the world,
they would sop up excess U.S. dollars with the terms that repayment at a
future date would be in a given quantity of Swiss francs. (Notice I said
quantity, and not value.) While these Roosa bonds stemmed the tide of a
possible run on the Treasury, they ended up costing America more because the
Swiss currency appreciated versus the dollar during the life of the bond.
In 1978, the U.S. issued 10 billion dollars worth of bonds denominated in
foreign currencies (marks or yen) to milk extra life out of a dying dollar
system, and the fix lasted until the 1979 Oil Crisis made mincemeat of it. It
was an acknowledgment that some foreign investors wouldn't hold U.S.
government obligations that would be repaid in dollars worth less than
originally spent on the bond. Further, it was at this time that the U.S.
promised to sell Money (Gold) from the Fort Knox stockpile to foreign central
banks unwilling to hold dollars. (On his last day of office, March 31, 1978,
Federal Reserve chairman Arthur Burns suggested that the entire $50 billion
of the nation's Gold stock be sold for foreign currency in defense of the
dollar, at which time the foreign reserves could be used to buy up the
collapsed dollar in international markets. While this plan was originally
rejected, within three weeks the Treasury Department was forced to announce
it would auction Money (Gold) on a regular basis.)
Treasury Secretary Michael Blumenthal pledged in a meeting two days later
with top-level Arab businessmen that the integrity of the dollar would be
defended vigorously, and asked them to do their part to stabilize the global
economy by keeping a price freeze on oil in place at least through 1978. (You
should have no questions now about where the dollar found its value after the
1971 delinking with Money (Gold). The asking price by oil--influenced by many
factors--is what established the dollar's value.)
It is also important to realize that not all international arrangements are
conducted on the open market. For example, to avoid the German mark from
being bid up in strength with a result of ever more people bringing them
dollars for an exchange, Germany's Bundesbank issued bonds directly to the
Middle Eastern buyers, avoiding the marketplace impact altogether. This was
at the time Saudi Arabia was swimming in cash and spreading the excess among
the world's largest banks (as mentioned in Part 4). My point is this (which I
shall expand on soon): don't be surprised that banks are far more creative in
their operations than revealed in your common experience through savings and
checking accounts and home loans.
Eliyahu Kanovsky, an oil economist, won renown by many for accurately
forecasting long-term oil production and pricing trends by OPEC where all
others had gotten it wrong. In the 1970's he maintained that economics, not
politics, were the determining forces behind the decisions of OPEC. In 1986
he wrote in response to the prevailing notion that OPEC would eventually own
the world as a result of its oil wealth: "It is, by now, abundantly
clear that these forecasters committed gross errors not only in terms of
magnitude of change, but, far more important, in terms of direction of change.
Instead of increased dependence on OPEC and especially Middle East oil, there
has been a very sharp diminution. ... Oil prices have been weakening almost
steadily since 1981 and there has been a collapse since the end of 1985.
Instead of rising 'petrodollar' surpluses, most OPEC countries, and Saudi
Arabia in particular, are incurring large current account deficits in their
balances of payments, and are rapidly drawing down their financial
reserves."
In the 1990's, Kanovsky maintains that OPEC has lost its ability to raise
income through raising prices, and that oil below $20 is virtually assured.
(This should remind you of Milton Friedman's poor prognostication from Part
1.) Kanovsky claims competition among producers ensures an end to price
fixing. They can only pump it and sell it for whatever the market will
provide. He contends (rightfully so) that Iraq can be counted on to
"pump like mad" upon lifting of UN sanctions. He also contends that
with the current account deficits of many OPEC members, notably the Saudis,
they have no option themselves but to add to the oil glut with overproduction
to raise revenue.
Since it has been brought to our attention by Kanovsky, let's take a look at
the Saudi budget, and the toll taken on it in the aftermath of the Gulf War.
IMF data reveals that the Saudi deficit climbed from $4.3 billion in 1990 to
$25.7 billion in 1991. Oil had been selling at around $14 per barrel until
June 1990 when Saddam Hussein pressured OPEC to raise the price to about $20
to help repair Iraq's national budget (which had been wiped out and sent into
the red by their 1980-88 war on Iran). Iraq's subsequent invasion of Kuwait
in August 1990 temporarily spiked the price higher.
Here I must ask you to pause for a moment to reflect on those huge oil trade
surplus figures we toyed with in Part 3, and recall that they were from early
1970's oil demand at a price of $11.65 which caused the First Oil Crisis.
What happened to the vast amounts of petrodollar revenue that was being
pumped into international banks, and recycled as fast as the loans could be
written to borrowers throughout the 1970's? Further, what happened to the
earnings that were surely being generated on these deposits through the
activities of the lending institutions? As I noted at the end of Part 4, the
System miraculously survived the Second Oil Crisis of 1979, and concurrently
the skyrocketing price of Gold promptly abated in 1980. Further, Kanovsky
points out that oil prices started weakening in 1981, and then plunged in
1985. Force yourself to make the connections. You will be one step ahead of
Kanovsky, who has identified the effect, but no doubt has missed the cause
entirely. Let us now tie together everything we know, and fill in the
remaining pieces.
Historically, the price of oil had been simply posted by the producers for
contracted delivery until it was unleashed to respond to daily supply/demand
forces on the "spot" Rotterdam market, at which time the price
exploded in 1979-80. Although the dollar had been historically fixed to Money
(Gold), after it was unpegged in 1971, the currency price of Money (Gold) was
determined by the daily supply and demand, similar to Rotterdam. Gold
auctions began in May of 1978 because the U.S. had trouble getting
international entities to accept its dollar currency. After
"booking" their trade balances with dollars, the House of Saud,
among others, wanted to "pocket" their profits with Money (Gold),
and therefore competed with everyone in the world for Gold on the spot market.
As the price shot right through $700 it was clear that every ounce purchased
made it that much more difficult to purchase the next ounce. There was little
trouble raising the price of oil as needed, except the financial structure of
the world was coming apart at the seams. Each dollar withdrawn from
international banks to buy Money (Gold) made life ever more difficult for the
banks to square their books against outstanding loans or to write new loans.
There had to be a better way...the return of Money!
The high price of Gold brought mining companies out of the woodwork. The
Earth was suddenly crawling with geologists looking for the next jackpot Gold
deposit. The mining companies needed capital to finance the construction of
these numerous new mines. It's not strange to you to accept that banks can
lend currency. It should not be difficult for you to accept that banks can
lend Money (Gold) also. Struggling with that thought? Don't. They lent Money
(Gold) in the days prior to Roosevelt's 1933 confiscation of Money (Gold) in
exchange for currency, and they can lend Money (Gold) today. In fact, they
can even create Money (Gold) out of thin air, in a manner of speaking, and
I'll walk you through it.
Sometimes a parallel familiarity assists comprehension. Consider the
existence of Government-Sponsored Enterprises (G-SE's) such as the Federal
National Mortgage Association (commonly known as Fannie Mae). Fannie Mae is
in the business of creating financing for people to acquire a house. The
government's involvement in this affair is that they underwrite the risk of a
default on the repayment of the loan. Dollars are borrowed, dollars are lent,
and dollars are repaid. It doesn't matter what happens to the exchange rate
of the dollars versus other currencies. A certain amount of dollars are owed,
plain and simple, under the terms of the loan contract. If a home mortgage
loan is sold on the secondary market, the purchaser of the loan is
effectively buying not the house that was financed by this loan, but rather
the rights to receive the borrower's scheduled repayments over a span of
time.
Think of a loan to a mining company in a similar fashion. Interest rates on
Money (Gold) loans are often much less than on currency loans because the
Money (Gold) holds its inherent value over time (despite its "price,)
whereas the paper currency fails so fast you must return more for the lender
to at least break even, not to mention show a profit for the risk. Because
miners will be pulling Money (Gold) out of the ground, it makes the most
sense to them to seek a loan of Money (Gold) rather than currency in order to
finance their new mine construction. But because Caterpillar has its head in
the sand, it requests dollar currency for the purchase of its mining
equipment, so an exchange must be made for paper currency as an integral part
of this Money (Gold) loan. These arrangements can take place in every
conceivable fashion, but this following example will be representative.
As 1980 arrived, the Saudis naturally still wanted Money (Gold) for their
oil, and the rest of the world was struggling with liquidity. Much currency
"wealth had already been transferred to OPEC, leaving many countries
toiling to service their own debts--much of their credit existing as recycled
petrodollars. Let the lending continue! Bullion banks would facilitate these
deals, and central banks (CB's) would act in the same capacity as with the
G-SE Fannie Mae, guaranteeing ultimate repayment in the event of a borrower's
default. In this simple example, the House of Saud could be looked at as the
principle lender (although the borrower doesn't see this)...providing the
currency equivalent of the Money (Gold) borrowed by the mining company to pay
for Caterpillar's equipment to build the mine. Because this is contracted as
a Money (Gold) loan, Money (Gold) must be repaid over time. In a sense, from
the Saudis' viewpoint it is similar to the Roosa bonds where U.S. dollars are
paid for the bond, with a fixed amount of another currency (in this case,
Money (Gold)) expected to be returned upon maturity.
With the simple but vital central bank guarantee against the default of these
Money (Gold) loans, the House of Saud, for example, would have no qualms
about supplying the cash side, effectively buying not the Gold metal
immediately, but rather the rights to receive the borrower's Gold repayments
over a span of time. Just like buying a home loan on the secondary market.
And the Money (Gold) of the central bank need not ever move or change
ownership unless the borrower defaults on the loan, and the CB is obligated
to deliver on its guarantee for the full repayment in Money(Gold).
There is nothing sinister in all of this. The price of Gold has fallen simply
because anti-gold sentiment has been fostered throughout the common
investment markets while the principle buyer at the Golden "Rotterdam
market" had found another avenue in which to obtain the Money (Gold)
desired in exchange for oil profits. This is very much like the off-market
Bundesbank offerings that I mentioned about earlier. Please appreciate the
patience in this approach, and the commitment it shows to Money (Gold),
knowing full well that for many years it might be getting ever cheaper, while
they would appear the fool for buying it from the top prices all the way down
to the lowest. But the big payoff is in the end--which is near--and I'll get
to that.
Now that you grasp the basics, let's take things up one level. So many Money
(Gold) loans were written, that the House of Saud in our example spent down
their past petrodollar surpluses. What now? It is time for banks to do what
banks do best...create new money. This is the typical example I promised you
earlier:
The miner approaches a bullion bank for a Money (Gold) loan. Let's assume the
current dollar price of Money (Gold) is $400 per ounce, and the miner needs
$20 million to pay Caterpillar for equipment. The bullion bank (such as can
be found operating in the network of the London Bullion Market
Association--LBMA) writes the Money (Gold) loan contract specifying the term
of repayment of 50,000 ounces of Money (Gold) plus interest at 1% - 2%. The
borrowing miner collateralizes this Money (Gold) loan with company stock, the
deed to the mine, etc., and is sent down the road with $20 million in
currency for Cat. Where did this cash come from? The bullion bank turned to
the House of Saud, which is currently out of currency. However, using their
oil in the ground as collateral, the bullion bank is able to write them a
currency loan out of thin air (just like banks can do) with which the Saudis
purchase the repayment rights on the Money (Gold) loan. They will be
receiving future Gold for their future oil! As they sell oil, they will use
their dollar revenue to repay their currency loans, and in the meanwhile, the
miner's Gold loan repayments will be directed to the Saudis' account.
What does the bullion bank get for all this trouble? First, the central bank
gets 1% - 2% for underwriting or guaranteeing the loan. (Just like the
underwriting done with Fannie Mae.) The bullion bank had added on top of this
low interest rate an applicable margin for its cost of funds to establish the
final interest rate for the miner that borrowed the Money (Gold). This rate
might run 3% - 5% (while currency loans would demand much more.) Each year
the miner produces Gold, and after paying the required installment of Money
(Gold) for the Loan, the remainder of his annual production can be sold on
the spot market for currency used to meet business expenses.
There's one hitch. Because the biggest Gold buyer is no longer shopping on
the spot market, the pricing pressure has come off, and prices could very
well be expected to fall. To protect against this leading to the possible
bankruptcy of the miner, and hence his default on the repayment of Gold, the
terms of the Loan might also require that the miner lock-in a certain amount
of future production at the current Gold prices at the hedging counter.
(Economists first scrutinize the mining plan to ensure that it will in fact
be viable at current prices before granting the Loan.)
As described so far, it should come as no surprise that the House of Saud
would also step right up to purchase the delivery side of this hedged
production. Enough must be hedged to ensure the mine will remain viable (even
at lower prices) at least long enough to repay the Loan. Lets assume this
mine is operating today with Money (Gold) at $260 per ounce, while their cost
of production is actually $320. The current price of Money (Gold) is not a
factor on the Loan repayment...they owe 50,000 (plus interest) ounces,
regardless. Any additional production would be sold under the terms of their
hedge, at $400 per ounce, and they can pay their bills comfortably and stay
in business. Is the House of Saud a fool for paying $400 long ago for the
Loaned ounces, and for paying $400 today to honor such hedged ounce
agreements? You or I could pay $260 today for that same ounce on the spot
market. Have you started to develop a new opinion of your currency, or at
least a new opinion of Money(Gold)?
OK, so what else does the bullion bank get out of this, other than the
applicable margin on the Money(Gold) loan mentioned above? It also collects
the interest on the currency loan that was written to the Saudis using their
oil as collateral. You can see how the mechanism that has brought us
temporarily cheap Money (Gold) over the years has also given us cheap oil not
subject to the same shocks witnessed in the Seventies. You can also see why
the economists can look at the Saudi balance books and see tremendous
currency debts and budget deficits where once there were surpluses that
threatened to buy up the world. They have in fact bought up a significant
portion of the Gold mined well into the future...through Loans and Hedges
bought all the way down from the top. So who are we to question whether to
exchange our currency for Gold now or tomorrow, and to gripe over a missed
opportunity of $10? The equation is simple. If you have cash, buy Gold
immediately, because the downward trend has become terribly unstable. Here's
why...
The various financial Hedge Funds saw how easy it was for miners to raise low
interest capital, and further appreciated the fact that even if they were not
themselves a producer of Gold, the Gold itself needed for repayment could be
purchased on the spot market at ever lower prices. The Hedge Funds could
meanwhile invest the capital received through taking out this Loan and expect
to have a double profit potential in the end. (The infamous Gold Carry Trade
would invest the currency received through the 1-2% Gold Loan into U.S. bonds
that yield over 5%.) And of course, with the proper central bank guarantees,
the House of Saud would be there to buy up the repayment contracts expected
on these Money (Gold) loans also.
The problem is that these speculating Hedge Funds have cumulatively driven
the price so low (well beyond where mines would have long ago stopped seeking
this type of Loan) that some unhedged mines are shutting down or going
bankrupt. This aggravates the spot market with thin supplies of real metal
reaching it (due to so much production already having delivery obligations)
such that it becomes hypersensitive to any real effort to make substantial
purchases there.
As a result, the Hedge Funds will be in for a rude awakening in their efforts
to purchase the Gold needed to repay their Loans. And the bullion banks are
sweating, because they stand next in line having facilitated the Money(Gold)
loans and pledged to the CB's that they were credit worthy of the CB Gold
guarantees. And the important Oil Producer sees that the big bucks paid long
ago for future Gold delivery has actually purchased only uncertain arrival.
And further, some miners, despite their hedges, have played fast and loose
liquidating them for cash, and through general mismanagement have not been
able to stay so viable as to ensure future operation and delivery of the
repayment terms.
The CB's are fretting because their guarantees were used over and over again,
and they are on the hook for a lot of Money (Gold) when the speculating Hedge
Funds and bullion banks find it impossible to cover their Loan repayment
obligations on the spot market as the price races away from them due to the
hypersensitivity that low supply has caused. Shades of Rotterdam. Currently
aggravating this spot market problem is the massive demand by individuals
brought about by the low prices and concerns for Y2K. I hope this give you
new perspective on the push lately by some CB's to free up some Money (Gold)
from the vaults, whether it is Bank of England, IMF, or maybe even Swiss. It
should also give you perspective on the anti-gold propaganda delivered
regularly by the media. Consider that a skyrocketing price of Gold would not
only be viewed by the masses as a viable investment avenue, it would also
tend to shake the confidence in paper currencies, and threaten the banking
system and Wall Street in general.
It is this same currency, borrowed against oil collateral for the purchase of
Gold, that has added the massive liquidity to the world over the past decade
and a half that many people have used in turn to fan the flames of the stock
markets here and overseas. That's a lot of cash born unto Gold, and were it
not for the prospects of receiving the real wealth of Gold metal, this supply
of currency would have been stillborn, and oil would likely only come forth
by way of brute force rather than by civil, economic means. I realize that I
have left a lot out, but this should get you started along the clear road
traveled by smart currency. Now, knowing what you know, what would you do
with your dimes? Because this is really his tale, not mine, I'll leave you
once again with perhaps my favorite statement made by Aragorn one evening
last month among his old friends. "If I were given a dime for every time
I cursed the market for providing easier gold, I'd have a dime...and that one
was found on my way over here.
Everyone, your comments are welcome. And thanks again to MK for the USAGOLD
forum and for the opportunity to obtain a world-class Money education and
shiny yellow metal diplomas all at the same place!
Gold. Heading to the moon at a world near you. ---Aristotle
________________________________________________________
Click on the link at the top and dig around for much much more on this
subject!
Sincerely,
FOFOA
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