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Where there is wealth and geopolitical instability gold shines. So what
effect could, if any, have the recent Saudi-Iran conflict on the price of
gold? We know that both Dubai and Turkey are in the middle of the gold trade
in the Middle East but we know less about Iran and Saudi Arabia. The recent
decision by Saudi Arabia to execute a Saudi Shia opponent escalated a long
conflict between Iran and Saudi Arabia. The conflict goes at least to the
Iranian revolution in 1979. Iran is mostly Shia and Saudi Arabia is mostly
Sunni and both tried to extend their influence in the Middle East and the
Muslim world and are still trying.
In 2007, 10% of Iran’s reserves were held in gold, 20% in US dollars (down
from 40% in 2006), the rest mostly in Euro and other major currencies (yen,
British pound and Swiss franc). In 2009, Iran's President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad
ordered the replacement of the US dollar by the euro in the country's foreign
exchange accounts because "it would help decouple Iran from the U.S.
banking system."
On the other hand, we have no information on the Saudi gold reserves.
However, with tensions between the U.S. and Saudi Arabia escalating, I would
not be surprised to hear that Saudi Arabia has been buying gold in
preparation for a divorce with the U.S. Both Iran and Saudi Arabia do not
disclose their gold reserves on a regular basis. Saudi Arabia last reported
to the IMF that its gold reserves more than doubled in 2007 from 143 tonnes
to 322.9 tonnes. Saudi Arabia could soon announce that its gold reserves have
again at least doubled. That will mean Saudi Arabia would have around 600
tonnes of gold in official reserves.
Supposedly in October 2010, Iran's gold reserves hit a record high as
their central bank took preventive measures to avoid a possible asset freeze
by Western countries. In 2009, when the gold price was on average $650 per
ounce, a few hundred tonnes of gold were imported, according to Iranian news
agency IRNA, who quoted the Governor of the Central Bank of Iran, Mahmoud
Bahmani. Iran is speculated to have changed 15 percent of its foreign
exchange reserves into gold. The former head of Iran's central bank under the
Ahmadinejad administration had said that the Central Bank of Iran had 500
tonnes of gold in storage. We don’t know, but I would not be surprised if
Iran had more or less 500 tonnes of gold reserves.
Because of the conflict with the U.S. the Iranian economy has been hurt
and, with inflation on average about 20%, private Iranians have also
accumulated gold. Shahrvand Daily reports that according to Gold and Jewelry
Producers and Exporters of Iran, more than 100 tonnes of the country's gold
are stashed in people's homes. Both Turkey and the United Arab Emirates have
been involved in helping Iran circumvent the U.S. and international sanctions
using gold. Following the Iranian Revolution of 1979, the United States
imposed sanctions against Iran and expanded them in 1995 to include firms
dealing with the Iranian government. In 2006, the UN Security Council passed
Resolution 1696 and imposed sanctions, after Iran refused to suspend its
uranium enrichment program. With the end of sanctions under the agreement
reached at the end of 2015, a return to some form of stability in the region
was expected. However, the conflicts in Syria and Yemen where Iran and Saudi
Arabia are on opposing sides have increased tensions in the region.
Just by looking at a map of the Middle East we understand right away the
importance of Iran and Saudi Arabia in the region. They are the largest
countries in size, but Iran has more than double the population of Saudi
Arabia. Both countries are rich in oil and count in the ten largest oil
producers in the world (see annex chart). The recent collapse in oil price
has affected both countries since both rely on oil as a major source of
revenue. Oil in Saudi Arabia represents approximately 72 percent of the
budget and 45 percent of GDP, and for Iran, 47 percent of the budget and 10
percent of GDP.
The recent conflicts in the Middle East put a lot of strain in the
U.S.-Saudi Arabia relation. Recent technological discoveries have diminished
U.S. dependence on Middle East oil. The September 11 terrorist attack in the
U.S. strained slowly but surely relations between the two countries. Saudi
Arabia is very unhappy with recent U.S. foreign policy in the region and has
started to look for other allies. Recent and frequent trips by Saudi
ministers to Russia and China indicate a desire by Saudi Arabia to find new
alliances. A split between the U.S. and Saudi Arabia will have big
consequences on the demand for US dollars and gold.
Keeping in mind that Iranian gold reserves are an educated guess and not
actual data and that Saudi gold reserves might be twice as large as reported,
let’s briefly analyse the gold reserves of Iran and Saudi Arabia in the
context of the Middle East. If the numbers are correct, both Iran and Saudi
Arabia hold a lot of gold. They definitely dominate in the Middle East in
tonnage. I selected a few countries in the Middle East to compare with Iran’s
and Saudi Arabia’s official gold reserves. As you can see in the chart below,
both Iran and Saudi Arabia are the largest holders of official gold reserves.
Turkey’s official gold reserves include gold deposited by individuals with
commercial banks, so it distorts the real picture for Turkey.
 
As a percentage of foreign exchange reserves Saudi Arabia lags far behind
Iran. This is due to the agreement between the U.S. and Saudi Arabia to hold
US dollars (treasuries) and charge for oil in US dollars in exchange for U.S.
military defence. However, Saudi Arabia could have a lot more gold than it
reports. As I mentioned above, I would not be surprised by an announcement
this year that Saudi Arabia has at least double the present 322.9 tonnes.
As a percentage of GDP, Iran has almost three times more gold than Saudi
Arabia.
On a per capita basis, Saudi Arabia has a lot more gold reserves than
Iran.
With the oil price down to historic levels (see annex chart) pressure is
mounting on Saudi Arabia to delink the riyal from the US dollar. An end also
to the petrodollar by Saudi Arabia will have a snowball effect on other oil
producing countries to stop using the dollar for paying for oil. Both Russia
and China are pushing for trade agreements in other currencies than the dollar.
After the 2008 financial crisis several Middle Eastern countries started
buying gold for their foreign exchange reserves, like Jordan, who multiplied
by ten its gold reserves since 2011, and Iraq, who increased its gold
reserves fifteen times in 2012. Saddam Hussein’s Iraq was the first to switch
away from the US dollar. Iraq said that from now on (2000), it wants payments
for its oil in euro, despite the fact that the euro was very low in 2000.
U.S. recent asset freezes, I am sure, gave second thoughts to many
governments in the Middle East concerning their dependence on the dollar, and
they decided to diversify as much as possible from the dollar. European
Union’s problems did not help make the euro a strong alternative, so the
choice for gold became the only alternative. Remember that gold has no
counterparty risk. While the euro’s percentage in foreign exchange reserves
has decreased slightly, the US dollar was not able to take full advantage of
it, as seen by the increase in official gold reserves.
Given recent events I expect a lot more gold buying by Middle Eastern
central banks and, in particular, Iran and Saudi Arabia. Both now mistrust
the U.S. and both are trying to protect themselves with gold. The Iran-Saudi
conflict will be one of the ugliest in 2016 if it escalates. Iran has the
backing of Russia and China for now, while the Saudis are emancipating from
the U.S. A major conflict in the Middle East will certainly push the price of
gold much higher, and I don’t expect the US dollar to be the beneficiary, nor
the euro. The massive gold buying by Middle Eastern central banks since the
2008 financial crisis is a clear indication of their preference for gold (see
chart below).
Both Iran and Saudi Arabia are to be watched closely as it concerns
official gold reserves in 2016. Pressure has been mounting recently on Saudi
Arabia to de-link the riyal from the US dollar and, if it happens, I am sure
it will be positive for gold.
Chart Annex:
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