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On November 30th, the Swiss are voting whether to amend
their country’s constitution on an initiative entitled ‘Save our Swiss Gold.’
The Swiss gold initiative appears widely misunderstood, both inside and
outside of Switzerland. We discuss implications for gold, the Swiss franc and
Switzerland as a whole.
The motivation
The initiators of the gold initiative appeal to Swiss
citizens desire not to sell out the ‘family silver.’ In the late 90’s, the
Swiss National Bank (SNB) owned 2,590 tons of gold; since then 1,550 tons
have been sold at prices far lower than today’s prices. While the Swiss might
like their gold, they are fiercely independent. That’s relevant because by imposing
a ceiling of the Swiss franc versus the euro, the SNB has de facto imposed
the euro on Switzerland, a step closer to joining the euro – something many
Swiss object to. More importantly, many Swiss may find it inappropriate for
what is supposed to be an apolitical body like the SNB to impose policies
with major political ramifications.
Not surprisingly, the Swiss government – which opposes
the initiative - does not frame the discussion this way, but instead talks
about the flexibility the SNB needs to implement its policies. It also points
to the ‘losses’ incurred in 2013 when the price of gold fell.
Let’s look at the initiative and arguments in more
detail. The initiative would amend Switzerland’s constitution such that:
• Gold reserves of the SNB must not be sold;
• Gold reserves of the SNB must be held in Switzerland;
• Gold reserves of the SNB must be ‘significant’ and must not fall below 20%.
As transitional measures:
• Switzerland has 2 years to repatriate its gold;
• Switzerland has 5 years to phase in the 20% reserve requirement.
Central bank independence
The Swiss government states the SNB’s independence would
be at risk if the initiative passed. Former Federal Reserve Chair Alan
Greenspan had this to say about central bank
independence: “I never said the central bank is independent.” He did not
imply the government tells the Fed where to set policy on a daily basis, but
made it clear that it is the government that sets the rules. He fought back
against accusations that the Fed finances huge government deficits, arguing
critics have it backwards, as the Fed merely goes along. He then added that
the Fed’s policies are driven by ‘culture rather than economics.’
It should not be surprising that the Swiss government is
against any outside restrictions imposed on the SNB, but not because it
jeopardizes central bank independence, but because it reduces the flexibility
the government has. But that, of course, is precisely the purpose of
constitutional initiatives available in Switzerland.
Gold a risk for the SNB? The Swiss government claims that
the sharp drop in gold prices in 2013 lead to heavy losses at the SNB. It’s
sad when the official pamphlet representing the government’s view resorts to
polemics. Let’s get a few things straight about central bank accounting:
• The gold held by the SNB was purchased at dramatically
lower prices. If more gold were sold, no losses, but substantial gains would
be recorded.
• In an effort to keep the Swiss franc from rising, the SNB has “printed” a
great deal of money, as the chart below shows – almost as much as the Fed:
• Currency isn’t actually printed, but the Fed or SNB
purchase securities from banks; they pay for these securities by crediting
the account of banks with the stroke of a keyboard. Money is literally
created ‘out of thin air.’
• What most are not aware of, however, is that the more money a modern
central bank ‘prints,’ the more interest bearing securities it buys, the
greater the “profit” of the central bank. That’s why central banks brag how
‘profitable’ their policies have been.
• However, while the Fed has only purchased domestic securities (US
Treasuries and Mortgage Backed Securities), the Swiss National Bank has been
buying Euro and U.S. dollar denominated securities. In doing so, the SNB has
truly introduced massive currency risk.
• Except that central banks don’t really care about losses: the Bank of
Israel, for example, has had a negative net worth for over 20 years. Losses
for a central bank make for bad PR, but a central bank can simply ‘print’
money to pay for its obligations. Some central banks, such as the European Central
Banks, have in their statues that member states must pay-in additional
capital should the ECB suffer losses.
Gold sales needed in times of crises?
The Swiss government argues a central bank must be able
to sell its gold in times of crisis. Let’s think about this: such a ‘crisis’
might occur when a bank is over-leveraged and must be rescued. To facilitate
a ‘rescue’, the SNB is likely to provide “liquidity” (money printing with the
promise that it’s only for the short-term). If a bank is insolvent rather
than illiquid, it might require a capital injection. That capital has to come
from somewhere. If gold is sold for this purpose, it is the people’s gold
that’s being sold. The government likes to keep an option open to socialize
losses.
We would argue that the very reason “too big to fail”
exists is because governments play rescuers that are all too willing to
sacrifice the wealth of the public. They say such measures are for the common
good – because depositors might lose their money in a bank. Indeed, when a
bank collapses, it is the savers that lose out, as the savers are the folks
that have loaned money to the bank.
The way to protect savers, though, is through prudent
policies that require those that take risks to be responsible for losses.
Gold is the people’s money
Gold is the people’s money, not the government’s money to
splurge. If a currency is backed by gold, then the currency represents the
gold. It’s not for the government to give away: that’s why the initiative
argues against selling any of the gold, ever. It’s for that reason as well
that the gold does not need to be kept abroad: gold is a store of value that
ought to back the currency in circulation.
20% minimum backing of reserves
Marc Faber, for example, says he has been asked to publicly
support the initiative, but has so far declined to do so because he argues it
is a haphazard solution; only 100% backing would be worth supporting
publicly. In our assessment, Marc is too quick in discarding the merits of
the initiative. Combined with the requirement that the SNB will never, ever,
be allowed to sell gold, there are major ramifications:
• Assume that 20% of the SNB’s assets are backed by gold
and the price of gold drops. The SNB would be immediately required to
purchase more gold. As such, over time, the SNB’s reserves would likely be
above 20%. In our assessment, dynamics may well move them to be closer to
100% over time. Basically, whenever there is a crisis and the SNB might be
tempted to ‘print money’ to bail out an institution, it would chip away at
the SNB’s flexibility for future bailouts, more gold is held that cannot be
sold.
• An activist SNB that continues to buy foreign securities may, over time,
have a hard time defending a ceiling on its currency. That’s because a
ceiling on its currency is akin to a bailout to the country (Switzerland) as
a whole, arguing that debasing the currency is good for the country.
Competitive Swiss franc?
The Swiss government argues that the strong Swiss franc
is a concern to exporters. No kidding. Other concerns are competitors – maybe
we should get rid of those, too. And those pesky customers that don’t always
feel like buying gadgets and services that are Swiss made. Kidding aside, we
would argue that it is impossible for an advanced economy to compete on
price. An advanced economy has to compete on value. Very few low-end consumer
goods are exported from advanced economies.
Look at beer, as the one area where low advanced
economies have tried to compete with what might be considered as a low-end
product: first, beer is branded as a premium product these days. In order to
have pricing power there has been massive consolidation in the brewing sector
over recent decades in much of Europe; Switzerland has been left behind in this
trend – but note that these are trends that have been firmly in place well
before the financial crisis. A weaker Swiss franc wouldn’t fix these
challenges. The alternative to scale is to then try to be profitable at the
local level; indeed, microbreweries with no export market have succeeded in
many high cost areas.
Swiss multi-nationals have long learned to have natural
hedges in place, matching revenue and expenses in their export markets.
Switzerland usually retains the headquarters, possibly
R&D. Switzerland has lots of seasonal workers; policy makers should think
out of the box, such as paying seasonal workers in euros. It may be far
better to pay workers in a depreciating currency than to throw away one’s
gold reserves in order to attract more seasonal workers…
Switzerland has always had a tough market. It is said
that because of how critical Swiss consumers are, that if someone can have a
product succeed in Switzerland, it can succeed anywhere.
We live in a world drowning in debt. The U.S., European
Union, Japan, to name a few, cannot afford to pay all the promises they have
made. As Alan Greenspan recently said, a welfare state cannot support a gold
standard. These other countries will debase their currencies over time in an
effort to make their liabilities more affordable.
It won’t be easy to sell to countries that have put
policies in place that we believe may impoverish their middle class. The
solution, however, is not to impoverish Switzerland. It won’t be easy, but
the sooner Switzerland embraces the reality that competitive devaluation is
not in its interest, the better.
Back to reality
Having made the case for Switzerland’s gold initiative,
note that passing the initiative would only be a first step. Unless policy
makers embrace the spirit rather than the letter of the law, it may be an
uphill battle. We have already received research reports how the SNB could
circumvent its obligations by spinning off assets. The SNB might also engage
in derivatives to undermine the spirit of the initiative should it pass.
Let’s also keep in mind that the SNB has five years to
implement the 20% backing of its reserves by gold. That should allow the SNB
to conduct purchases without disrupting markets. In the short-term, the
signaling effect might be the most powerful one: the ceiling of the Swiss
franc versus the euro may well get tested. Such ceilings are enforceable only
when they represent an unconditional commitment. As soon as someone blinks,
the market will test the resolve of policy makers. The passing of such tests
may well qualify as resolve. The SNB may be well served to start buying gold
from day one if they accelerate their purchases of euros.
Ultimately, people should never rely on their government
to pursue a gold standard, but consider pursuing their own, personal gold
standard. On that note, we will expand on our discussion of Switzerland’s
vote to force the Swiss National Bank to hold a minimum of 20% of its
reserves in our upcoming Webinar (click
here to register), on November 20, 2014. As part
of the webinar, we will also discuss how investors can build their personal
gold standard.
Axel Merk
Axel Merk is President & CIO of Merk Investments
Manager of the Merk Funds
This report was prepared by Merk Investments LLC,and reflects the current opinion of the authors. It is based upon
sources and data believed to be accurate and reliable. Merk Investments LLC
makes no representation regarding the advisability of investing in the
products herein. Opinions and forward-looking statements expressed are
subject to change without notice. This information does not constitute
investment advice and is not intended as an endorsement of any specific
investment. The information contained herein is general in nature and is
provided solely for educational and informational purposes. The information
provided does not constitute legal, financial or tax advice. You should
obtain advice specific to your circumstances from your own legal, financial
and tax advisors. As with any
investment, past performance is no guarantee of future performance.
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