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Gold prices
made yet more all time highs in the last trading
session, propelled by what we think was a short squeeze. Many traders were probably
betting that gold prices would decline once the US debt ceiling was resolved;
however this was not the case. In this article we will outline one longer
term factor that we think will drive gold prices past $1800 in the next six
months; the flattening of the US Yield curve. We believe the flattening of
this curve is a symptom of economic weakness and coupled with rising
unemployment will be the catalyst for the Fed to embark on another round of
monetary easing which will send gold prices past $1800. In fact, $1800 is a
conservative target.
Weaker
economic data from the US has caused the yield curve for US Treasuries to
flatten significantly in recent months. However when the July manufacturing
ISM came in at 50.9, well below the predictions of around 55.5, the curve
flattened to a level not seen since August 2010. It was in August 2010 that
the Fed first hinted at QE2 and therefore the fact that the curve has got
back to this level puts pressure on the Fed to embark on another round of
monetary easing. Whether this will be through QE3 or some other mechanism we
do not know, however we are confident that further easing of US monetary
policy is very bullish for gold prices.
For those
readers who may be unfamiliar with how the yield curve works, we will provide
a brief explanation. Bonds of different maturities have different yields. By
plotting these yields against their maturities we can build a yield curve.
The yield curve becomes steeper if longer term interest rates increase
relative to shorter term interest rates. The yield curve becomes flatter if
longer term interest rates decrease relative to shorter term interest rates.
One way to measure the steepness of the yield curve is to look at the
difference between the yields at two different points on the curve. For
example one may look at the difference between the yields on 2 year
Treasuries compared to the yield on 5 year Treasuries. Such a comparison will
often be referred to as “2s5s” and is measured in basis points
(bps) by subtracting the shorter term yield from the longer term yield. So if
one says “2s5s are trading at +225” this means that the yield on
5 year bonds is 2.25% higher than the yield on 2 year bonds. If 2s5s go from
+225 to +275 then the yield curve has steepened between those two maturities.
If 2s5s go from +225 to +175 then the yield curve has flattened between those
two maturities.
Now there is
no one exact interpretation of what causes shifts in the yield curve. The
curve changes with changes in inflationary expectations, default risk, equity
markets, the outlook for future interest rates as well as other factors.
However in
our opinion the recent run of poor US economic data has been causing the
curve to flatten. A weaker economy means that interest rates will probably be
held lower for longer, therefore longer term interest rates fall relative to
shorter term interest rates, causing a flattening of the curve.
We view gold
as a currency and since currencies are tightly linked with interest rates, we
have a large focus on the US and global interest rate market. We are bringing
your attention to the flattening of the curve since it has now reached a
level not seen since August 2010, when the Fed first hinted that QE2 was
going to be carried out. The chart below
illustrates our point.
This flattening
of the curve is a symptom of a weakening economy and if this continues it
puts pressure on the Fed to act; particularly if unemployment begins to rise
again. Further monetary easing by the Fed is massively bullish for gold
prices.
This Friday
we have the US non-farm payroll data and if this figure comes in below
expectations, as it has done for the past couple of months, this will
increase the pressure on the Fed to act. This coupled with a drop in core
inflation would almost guarantee further monetary easing. Remember that
unlike some central banks the Fed has a dual mandate to maintain price
stability and full employment; therefore it is not enough that core inflation
is within a tolerable range; the unemployment rate must come down too.
In terms of
what form further easing from the Fed could take, there are a number of
options. We could see another round of QE or other asset purchase programs.
However since QE1 and QE2 have not provided a sustainable recovery, there is
a strong possibility that the Fed will try something different this time.
First we would expect to see a change in the language of the Fed statement, a
change that implies that interest rates will remain lower for longer. We then
could see the Fed setting a cap on longer term interest rates, such as the 2
year or 5 year rate on Treasuries. All these forms of monetary easing are
massively bullish for gold prices.
However
despite this August bearing significant similarities to August 2010, it is
important to highlight the differences. The most important of these is that
inflation is much higher. In the US core CPI increased at an annualized rate
of 2.5% over the last six months. However inflation expectations are at
levels consistent with the Fed’s mandate. Therefore we do not think that
the threat of inflation will prevent the Fed from easing, since it is still
in its target range and even if inflation moves out of its target range the
Fed believes it can contain inflation easily by raising interest rates. The
other half of its mandate, unemployment, is well outside its range and in the
Fed’s view presents the larger threat at this point in time.
In summary
this is how we view the dynamics of the US interest rate market affecting
gold; The yield curve has flattened and may continue to do to, this shows
economic weakness in the US. With a weak economy unemployment is unlikely to
fall and will most probably rise. This will prompt the Fed to embark on
additional monetary easing in an attempt to boost economic growth and combat
unemployment. Monetary easing is bullish for gold, as shown by its inverse
relationship with US real interest rates in the chart below. (Please also see
our previous article: Decline In US Real Rates To Send Gold Past $1800
for further explanation of this relationship. We view it as the key
determinant of gold prices in the medium to long term)
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