The Great Recession of 2008 provided markets with an interesting irony: As
the US economy was collapsing under the weight of crumbling home prices,
investors curiously flocked to the US dollar under the guise of "The
Safety Trade."
But the truth is that investors weren't running into the dollar for
safety, what they were actually doing was unwinding a carry trade. In a carry
trade an investor borrows a depreciating currency that offers a relatively
low interest rate and uses those funds to purchase an appreciating currency
that offers the potential for higher returns on its sovereign debt and stock
market. The trade's objective is to capture the difference between rates,
while also benefitting from the currency that is rising in value against the
borrowed (shorted) funds.
In the years leading up to the 2008 crisis, a popular trade was to short
the US dollar and invest in higher yielding emerging markets (EM's) such as
Brazil, Russia, India, and China referred to as the "BRIC'S". The
Federal Reserve's manipulation of interest rates following the attacks of
September 11, 2001, sent the market on a desperate search for yield.
Investors found the return they were seeking in the EM's and remained there
for years as the Fed was merely playing catch-up with rates. The Fed Funds
rate went from 1 percent in 2004, to 5.25 percent in 2006, while the value of
the dollar reduced during that timeframe.
As you can see from 2002 to 2008, EM stocks rose and the dollar fell as
investors took advantage of the relative yield differential between the US
and EM's.
But by the second half of 2008 the market's focus shifted away from yield
differentials and FX advantages to a massive concern over tumbling US growth
spilling over to the EM's due to collapsing real estate prices and insolvent
banks. The short dollar/long EM carry trade reversed as investors panicked to
cash out of booming BRIC markets and bought back dollar loans to close out
the trade. This sent the dollar soaring and EM stocks crashing, which
provided the peculiar narrative that investors were moving into the dollar
for safety even as the US economy and financial system was in freefall.
What's happening now?
Today we actually have the reverse scenario: the dollar index is rising as
the yen and euro currencies are falling. The carry trade is to borrow (short)
the yen and euro and buy higher-yielding dollar-denominated assets.
Therefore, the next economic collapse will reverse this carry trade.
Dollar Index:
Yen:
Euro:
This explains the real reason why the Japanese yen spikes at the slightest
whiff of market turmoil. Market analysts again like to describe this
phenomenon as a flight to safety. But why would any investor seek protection
in Japan when its enormous debt to GDP ratio proves the nation is insolvent
and its central bank is hell-bent on creating inflation by all means
necessary?
Investors need to prepare their portfolios for the next recession, which
will be worse than 2008 due to the massive increase in global debt and
central banks that have no room left to reduce borrowing costs. Therefore,
expect the yen and euro will be the beneficiaries of the next carry trade
reversal and a much weaker response on the part of the greenback during the
next crisis.
But as mentioned, perhaps the biggest worry for investors is what happens
to the global economy when there is no room for central banks to save
us? After all, they are already pushing the limits of their money
printing and Zero Interest Rate Policies schemes. And the 90+ months of
unprecedented and unorthodox monetary expansion has made asset bubbles and
debt levels much greater than at any other time in history. The dollar will
also come under pressure as the Fed's current divergent monetary policy joins
the ECB and BOJ in a commitment to perpetual QE and ZIRP.
The next recession will be much different than the crisis of 2008 in its
intensity, duration and effect on the US dollar. Of course, the only caveat
would be a crisis that is precipitate by an aggressive Fed rate hike cycle.
Otherwise, wise investors will anticipate this differential and have a plan
to increase their allocation to precious metals at the onset of the next
crisis.
