Why CSR Makes Sense for Communities, Companies and Investors

The emphasis of mitigating the economic, social and environmental impacts of mining on local communities can be seen in the billion-dollar price tags on education and clean water projects in Ghana underwritten by Rio Tinto Plc (RIO:NYSE; RIO:ASX; RIO:LSE; RTPPF:OTCPK), training programs in Burkina Faso co-financed by IAMGOLD Corp. (IMG:TSX; IAG:NYSE) and small business loan programs in Peru funded by Barrick Gold Corp. (ABX:TSX; ABX:NYSE). As the Mining Association of Canada puts it on its website, corporate social responsibility (CSR) standards "are one way that companies can help manage risks and avoid potential conflicts. . .as an industry we also support community development to help spur local business development, build environmental expertise and reduce poverty in the areas where we operate."

Companies large and small have found that an investment in the people living where they work can have outsized returns in human impact terms, permitting time and even the ability to continue operating. But they have also learned that programs have to be designed in cooperation with local communities rather than imposed on them to have a lasting impact.

A Social License

Great Panther Silver Ltd. (GPR:TSX; GPL:NYSE.MKT) has taken a measured approach to its good neighbor policy. "Our main priority," according to Mariana Fregonese, director of Corporate Communications and Sustainability, "is to listen to what our stakeholders have to say. This isn't about telling them what they need and then doing it for them. We need to get to know each other and build trust in each community where we operate because their needs and realities are different. Afterwards, we work in a partnership approach to achieve shared goals."

At the San Ignacio mine, a half-hour from the main Guanajuato mine facility in town, the needs are much different. "We met with our neighbors when we started developing this new mine and quickly learned that the community had an active environmental problem because they were importing bottled water and burning the plastic containers, thereby releasing toxins in the air. We developed an easy training program to separate different types of plastics and set up recyclers to come every two months, with the profits from selling the materials matched by the company and used for community events," Fregonese said. By the end of the year, she anticipates that 1.5 tonnes of plastic will have been recycled in a community of only 500 people.

One woman approached Fregonese after the company opened a community center closer to its Guanajuato mine and processing plant, and explained how having that place to go and connect with other women of the community had changed her life and helped her recover from a difficult situation. "She is now employed full time and helping other women in similar situations in our community center. That is an example of a true partnership having a real impact. It is highly rewarding."

CSR has become part of doing business for Great Panther. When the company acquired Cangold Ltd. and its option on the Guadalupe de los Reyes exploration project in the Sierra Madre range in Sinaloa, Mexico, in May, a social assessment was launched the same time as the environmental study. In this case, it came back that the handling of drinking water was a challenge. "We held a hands-on clinic to work with local women to address health issues associated with hygiene, water sanitation and food handling," explained Fregonese. "With 90 local women participating in these workshops, we anticipate that approximately 80% of the local population benefited from this program."

"It doesn't cost a lot of money, but it shows we understand and care. Throwing money around is not always the answer; it is normally counterproductive," said Bob Archer, Great Panther Silver CEO and president.

It seems to be working. When a landowner built a fence and tried to block the drills from getting to the project site, the community came out in support and convinced him to let them by. "That is an example of how building a social license can make a huge difference," Archer said.

Fregonese is involved in the Prospectors & Developers Association of Canada (PDAC) and the Association for Mineral Exploration in British Columbia (AME BC) CSR committees and finds it important to share best practices among CSR practitioners and to adopt international environmental and social standards. "We, as an industry, can generate economic development and bring better sustainable lives to the local communities."

"The word sustainability gets kicked around a lot," said Archer. "But it is key to moving forward in this environment. Shareholders need to know which companies are taking a sustainable approach and are properly managing their social risks. You can have all the money you want, but when it comes to community support, a CSR can trump money in the bank."

A Cooperative Approach

Thyana Alvarez Claro, director of Responsabilidad Social at Red Eagle Mining Corp. (RD:TSX.V), which has a mine under construction at the Santa Rosa gold project near the city of Medellin in Colombia, said being a good neighbor is particularly important in that part of the world. "Mining has typically been small scale and brought negative impacts, including drug addiction and illegal activity," she said. "We are showing the community that a gold mine can bring positive impacts including education, cultural events, sports opportunities and sustainable jobs."

Red Eagle takes a cooperative approach to community involvement. "We work together with the community, government leaders, the local church and stakeholders. It is not paternal. They decide the priorities and education is one of the biggest ones. That is why we started an adult computer literacy program that has already worked with 375 people to give them the tools to be productive. Another 100 have already enrolled in the adult elementary and secondary program. This is important in the villages where many only have fifth grade educations."

Red Eagle Mining also recently participated in a program with the Lookout Ridge Foundation to donate 70 wheelchairs to local residents, including children like three-year-old Laura Arboleda, previously limited by lack of mobility. Streetwise Reports founder Gordon Holmes' Lookout Ridge Foundation, which has both a Canadian and a U.S. nonprofit, works with individuals, mining companies, other companies and The Wheelchair Foundation, which has donated more than one million wheelchairs in more than 100 countries. "A principle of Red Eagle since its foundation has been returning benefit to the communities where we work," said CEO Ian Slater during his speech at the presentation ceremony.

Laura Arboleda receives a wheelchair from Red Eagle CEO Ian Slater (left) and Gordon Holmes (right).

The company focuses on being part of the community by hiring locally as well. Of the 175 people employed at the site so far, 75% are from the local area, which is made up of about 1,000 families on the outskirts of a larger city of 45,000 people.

While calculating the return on investment of CSR can be difficult to pin down because often it requires guestimating things that didn't happen, including lawsuits and an expanded permitting process, Alvarez Claro was able to point to some real results. "The reception has been enthusiastic and that good work is part of the reason Red Eagle mining was able to get the licenses it has obtained," she said. "Of some 60 mining companies that had been exploring in Colombia in the last decade, fewer than seven are left and only Red Eagle has been permitted to start a mine."

Paying Forward

Doing the right thing requires a long-term mindset. Andrew Thomson, CEO of newly established Palamina Corp. (CVE:TSX), made a visible statement about the need to stay committed to the Mexican community he used to operate in after he sold his last company, Soltoro Ltd. to Agnico Eagle Mines Ltd. (AEM:TSX; AEM:NYSE). When the deal closed, all parties elected to forego a celebratory dinner and contribute a collective $25,000 to the Lookout Ridge Foundation for a future distribution. "Providing wheelchairs directly to people who need them most is a non-political statement that is quite profound in a world where the proliferation of automatic and semi-automatic weapons seems to dominate the headlines. Mobility is so significant for these people. It is a gesture that really makes a difference," he said.

"Agnico Eagle, WeirFoulds LLP, Maxit Capital LP and Palamina Corp. all responded to the call," Thomson reported. "Agnico Eagle is moving forward rapidly in the community and were quick to react positively. While not an earth-shattering amount, it is a positive gesture in a marketplace where investors are looking for leadership with regards to responsible corporate spending."

Thomson hopes more companies get the message, particularly those involved in Central America where a small investment can have an enormous impact. "Trust has to be built over time and this is a small gesture to show that celebrating the local community needs is an appropriate response to consummating a deal. If all companies did this, the road to mine development would be made easier."

As Thomson develops Palamina's other projects in Mexico, he plans to maintain his relationship with the community that provided him success. "Demonstrating continuity by rewarding the community is especially important to the new operators as the project moves through permitting toward production. Doing good work and reaching out to those less fortunate in the community can only makes things go more smoothly."

Earned Respect

Morgan Poliquin, CEO of Almaden Minerals Ltd. (AMM:TSX; AAU:NYSE), another company that has participated in wheelchair giveaways with the Lookout Ridge Foundation, said it is important to focus on relationships and not theory. "Community relations increasingly involves a lot of acronyms and checklists, in fact CSR is an acronym. Some groups look to getting certified or having outside organizations provide them with a framework on how to act. At the end of the day, it is about being open, clear and transparent. That is how you establish relationships with people who will be impacted by a mining project. The principal way of doing that is through making yourself accessible and through education. Our focus is to be very clear about what we want to do."

Poliquin shows local residents the reality of mining impacts by putting anyone interested on a bus, usually 30 at a time, and taking them to an operating mine. "We show them what an open pit looks like. We show them what a mill looks like. We show them what a tailings facility looks like. They can see it with their own eyes. It's not esoteric, a bunch of maps on a wall. The criteria around CSR might be good in terms of outlining things that mining companies need to do, but in the end, it is about respect and relationships. We live and work in these communities because we're the explorers who found these deposits."

Poliquin describes respect as something that is earned based on how you interact with people. "We start from principles. We ask the community for permission first and communicate with them as you would expect to be communicated with. Don't talk over people's heads. Show them what you're trying to do, for better or for worse. Involve them in the conversation. Mining is much maligned, poorly perceived and often very erroneously presented in the media. That is why it is essential to empower local people to form opinions with the facts. Ultimately, it is their choice to make."

The result has been transformational. "We have had very strong local support," Poliquin said. "We do not take it for granted, but the support we have is all because we have the right people doing the right things, talking to people with respect and showing them what we are doing."

New, Old-Fashioned Community Building

Brad Cooke, chairman and CEO of Endeavour Silver Corp. (EDR:TSX; EXK:NYSE; EJD:FSE), credits an understanding of the historical approach to sustainability in mining (both pros and cons) as a valuable guide for Endeavour when establishing its mining operations in Mexico. "In the frontier days in North America, individuals had to do whatever it took to find and build sustainable mines on their own. There was very little infrastructure or government in these frontier areas so prospectors and miners had to build it themselves."

He used as an example the historic New Polaris gold mine of Canarc Resource Corp. (CCM:TSX; CRCUF:OTC), where he is also founder and chairman. "This was a 1920s gold discovery in the remotest part of northwestern British Columbia. The first miners had to build their own barge access, airstrip and roads, an entire town for 250 people with power, water and sewage facilities, church, recreation hall and post office. "Today, doing whatever it takes in Mexico means working with the local communities to accomplish our mutual goals because in the rural areas, infrastructure and government services are fairly basic so it just makes common sense," he added.

When Endeavour Silver acquired the Guanaceví mine in Durango, Mexico, in 2004, the first thing management did was meet with local leaders in government and the ejidos (landowners), church leaders and community members to start building relationships. "We learned about the community's wants and needs in the areas of infrastructure, environment, health, safety and education. We then partnered with them to address some of their wants and needs in our sustainability programs," he said.

Since that time, the company has worked with the community on a number of initiatives to improve their quality of life, including simples thing such as organizing the local school children to clean up litter and plant thousands of trees each year, and more complex programs like establishing and staffing a local clinic, running health programs in partnership with the state government and administering stay in school or go to college scholarship programs. "The town and ejido have never had a reliable fresh water supply or sewage treatment facility so we want to establish as part of Endeavour's legacy in Guanaceví fresh water and sewage disposal systems that will benefit the local people long after we are gone," he said.

Endeavour's entrepreneurship programs include providing mining skills training to women, the young and unemployed, and providing the training and equipment to support local businesses. Photo courtesy of Endeavour Silver.

At Bolanitos, one of the first steps when the company arrived was to reinforce the tailings dam to North American standards, install a water recovery system to recycle most of the used water from the plant back to the plant, and create a tunnel system to segregate natural creek and rain water from the tailings water. Endeavour's entrepreneurship programs at Bolanitos include providing mining skills training to women, the young and unemployed, and providing the training and equipment to support pastry and jewelry-making businesses.

At El Cubo, the company inherited a unionized work force. "They were accustomed to confrontation not cooperation, so we focused on rebuilding that relationship with our own employees from scratch," Cooke explained. "We really needed them on board with our approach to business because we quickly launched a major $67 million rebuild of the mine, plant and surface facilities. I am pleased to say they slowly but surely bought in to our more sustainable approach and we were able to deliver our major rebuild on time and budget." The company is also working with the Economic Development Department in Guanajuato to provide skill-based training and a virtual university to provide high school educations for kids in the local communities.

In 2014, Endeavour invested $515,000 on sustainability programs in Mexico, not including staff time. In recent years, Endeavour has become one of only a few Canadian mining companies to report sustainability goals and accomplishments under the most rigorous level 4 of the GRI reporting framework.

"It is not only the right thing to do, embracing sustainability as a core value of the company is one of the main reasons we have been so successful in Mexico," Cooke said. "The people living in these rural communities in Mexico have forebears who have been there for centuries, so we took the view that Endeavour needed to become proactive local citizens and good neighbors. We can't do everything, but by partnering with each local community to identify and address their key issues and opportunities, we can do the things we say we will do, build trust and make a positive difference in people's lives."

Good Stewards

Barbara Henderson, director of investor relations at Bear Creek Mining Corp. (BCM:TSX.V), also stresses the importance of being a partner rather than an ATM machine. "This is not a hand out approach, but a hand up," she said.

The company's Corani project is located in a sparsely populated high desert environment in southern Peru where the primary occupation of the local community members is alpaca farming. That is why the CSR focus has been on education, agriculture, health and nutrition, and water improvement. An example of a unique partnership that built on community strengths was an initiative to help local farmers and artisans maximize the price they were getting for their very high-quality alpaca wool. Bear Creek helped bring in equipment to certify the fibre fineness, provided educational opportunities on spinning fine gauge wool, provided short-term loans for mechanized knitting and weaving equipment, and arranged meetings with wool brokers to assist in direct sales to end users. As an additional value-add, local garment-makers have developed a niche alpaca-wool "smart-garment" clothing line, producing sweaters with e-fibres woven in to monitor stress levels and link to smartphones. Maki Silver sweaters and socks woven with naturally antibacterial silver threads are beneficial to diabetics and others with compromised health.

Alpaca in Peru. Bear Creek Mining partners with the community to promote alpaca businesses. Photo courtesy of Bear Creek Mining.

"Now local farmers are able to sell their wool directly to end users in Lima, receiving four to five times their historic revenue, and artisans are able to direct-sell their garments to purchasers," Henderson said. "The communities at large have benefitted as a result of improving income, which in turn has raised health and education levels. It is by all measures an enormous success and a perfect example of corporate-assisted community empowerment."

Bear Creek Mining provides assistance to local community businesses. Photo courtesy of Bear Creek Mining.

Henderson summed up, "To Bear Creek, helping local communities is first and foremost a moral and ethical imperative, but the good will also flows to investors because having respectful relationships with communities can help smooth the path to production and shrink the permitting timeline by building trust. By demonstrating that we are good to our word in this context, community members can trust us when it comes to being good stewards as we develop and operate the Corani project."