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Gold, and its brother silver,
have always been the basis of money, back to the beginnings of “money,”
in the late fourth millennium B.C. Already by 2000 B.C., gold and
silver had been “money” for over a thousand years–the entire history of
“civilization” on this planet. Gold was still the basis of money in the
1960s, in an unbroken line stretching back to the beginnings of history.
One somewhat counterintuitive requirement for “money” is that it does
not have a utilitarian purpose; at least, not one whose value is
comparable to its money value. If there was some utilitarian use for
gold, it would be used up, consumed, and thus disappear–not what you
want to happen to your money. Ancient China actually had quite a lot of
difficulty with this: their copper coinage sometimes disappeared to
make farm tools. This is true today of paper money as well: if its
worth as paper was more than its worth as money, it would be used up
and consumed. This actually happens from time to time, when
hyperinflated banknotes become wallpaper and furnace fuel.
The World Gold Council estimated that global mining supply in 2015 was 3,186 metric tons
of gold. Industrial demand (not including jewelry) amounted to 331
tons, including 263 tons for electronics, 48.6 tons for other
industrial uses, and 18.9 tons for dentistry, which I consider a form
of jewelry. Some of this industrial use is later recycled, including
about 54 tons from electronics in 2015.
Thus, we see that only 10% of gold mining production is used in
industry, where it is mostly consumed and lost. The rest gradually
piles up in the form of jewelry and bullion. Today, there are an
estimated 181,000 tons of “aboveground gold” in the world, the
accumulation of gold mining production back to the earliest times.
(Roughly half of all this gold was mined after 1970.) Mining production
is only 2.1% of aboveground supply.
Gold is “scarce” in the sense that it is hard to find, and available in
very low concentrations, which means that you have to process a large
amount of rock to get it. The resulting high production cost is the
ultimate reason for gold’s high value. However, in terms of
availability, it is very plentiful. We actually have twice as much
aboveground gold today as when the world left the gold standard in
1971. We have seven times more than in 1910, the era of the “Classical
Gold Standard.” We have about fifty times a year’s mine production.
John Stuart Mill addressed this topic in Principles of Political Economy (1848):
To the qualities which originally
recommended them [gold and silver], another came to be added, the
importance of which only unfolded itself by degrees. Of all commodities
they are among the least influenced by any of the causes which produce
fluctuations of value. … [N]o commodities are so little exposed to
causes of variation. They fluctuate less than almost any other things
in their cost of production. And from their durability, the total
quantity in existence is at all times so great in proportion to the
annual supply, that the effect on value even of a change in the cost of
production is not sudden: a very long time being required to diminish
materially the quantity in existence, and even to increase it very
greatly not being a rapid process. Gold and silver, therefore, are more
fit than any other commodity to be the subject of engagements for
receiving or paying a given quantity at some distant period.
The situation for copper, on the other hand, is the complete opposite.
Copper goes from smelter to factory as quickly as possible, incurring
the least possible storage expenses along the way. Known inventories on
major exchanges are only 4% of annual mine supply – a two-week supply.
This copper has a market value of approximately $3.2 billion. The
aboveground supply of gold, on the other hand, is worth about $7.7
trillion, or 2400 times more. The world’s inventory of wheat in storage
is worth about $36 billion, and is about 19% of annual world production. (This has interesting implications for “commodity basket” currency notions.)
It is easy to see that “supply and demand” issues that affect copper
and wheat have no effect on gold. You could double the annual mine
supply, or cut it in half, with little overall effect.
Or, as the great fourteenth-century Arab genius Ibn Khaldun said:
And God created the two precious
metals, gold and silver, to serve as the measure of value of all
commodities. … For other goods are subject to the fluctuations of the
market, from which they are immune.
Thus gold becomes the best measure of stability in monetary value.
Certainly nobody–including Mill–argued that gold’s performance in this
role was perfect. But, after centuries of experience, we can say that gold’s deviation from this perfect ideal was minor enough that it didn’t matter much. It was good enough that there was no need to find something better, even if one could, which nobody ever has.
The “problem with gold” today is not that it has somehow failed in its
role as a measure of stable value. The “problem” is that many people no
longer want their money to be stable in value. They want to play games
with it. This is true of today’s seat-of-the-pants central bankers, and
also those whose “rules-based” systems are not aimed at achieving a
stable monetary value at all.
This is a self-defeating game–self-defeating
for the people as a whole, at least, although it can be very
advantageous for the elites, both in terms of profit and political
influence.
When you see that gold is simply a measure of value, you don’t have to
pile it up in vaults. There is always enough. Indeed, it is gold’s
abundance–the accumulation over decades and centuries–that helps it
serve its role. John Stuart Mill understood this 170 years ago. We
might do well to remember it today, as a “return to normalcy” for our
current monetary arrangements seems to slip further and further away.
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